Deva Dassi's are still "dancing" though perhaps no longer in temples. And the practice is upheld by the international Convention on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights, as a way to "protect" familial traditions globally.
The Devadasi Tradition in Southern India
Sexual Exploitation and the Devadasi Tradition in Southern India | Young Professionals in Foreign Policy
If Indian society reveres family and marriage, why do parents facilitate the sexual exploitation of their female children by dedicating them to the Devadasi practice? To answer this question effectively, it is important first to understand the custom. The Devadasi tradition is an ancient practice under which parents dedicate female children to a deity. Although the tradition itself and societies’ view of it have changed over the years, the Devadasi practice continues today and is predominate in parts of southern India.
Parents devote their children at a young age, dedicating “[n]early 9 out of 10 girls . . . at or before the age of 10.”[24] When parents dedicate their young daughters to the Devadasi practice, the tradition considers the young girls “married” to the goddess of fertility, Yellamma.[25] In fact, the Sanskrit translation of the word “Devadasi” literally translates into “god’s female servant.”[26] Parents give Devadasi children to the temple priests, holy men, and various upper class men in the community, often from the high Brahmin caste.[27] These men are patrons of the girls, giving them gifts in exchange for sexual services.[28] This patronage may last for an hour or years.[29]
Parents or holy men offer the girls for sexual services after their first menstruation; the Devadasi women end sexual service when they become “too old and unattractive.”[30] Estimates state that most girls are “married” between the ages of eight and twelve, initiated around age fifteen, and finished with their sexual career by the age of thirty.[31] The tradition prohibits Devadasis from marriage, as it considers them married to the deity.[32] Even after women become too old to perform sexual services, they still perform ritual dances, conduct ceremonies, and collect alms at the temple. Throughout their tenure, followers of the tradition view the Devadasis’ services as offerings to the goddess Yellamma.
Originally, society viewed the Devadasi tradition, and to some extent still views it, as a religious practice. The main Devadasi temple is now in Belguam, Karnataka-Saundatti, India.[33] According to some accounts, the Devadasi practice originated before Hinduism and other religions in India. [34] Eventually, it became a mainstream part of Hinduism in certain regions.[35] Society used to view Devadasis as respected courtesans of the court. [36] They performed ritual ceremonies and dances at their respective temples.[37] The tradition evolved as a manner in which to please the mother goddess, Yellamma and ensure her fertility.[38] Her followers believed active sexual congress was necessary for her fertility.[39] However, throughout history, the practice and beliefs surrounding the tradition transformed because temple priests began losing power and colonialism ensued. As these changes occurred, societies’ view of Devadasis began to change. Presently, a majority of the public views the Devadasi tradition as a form of religious prostitution.
The Devadasi practice is now illegal in India.[40] In 1984, the Indian government passed the Karnataka Devadasi Act and in 1988, it passed the Andhra Pradesh Devadasi Act.[41] Both acts declared Devadasi dedication ceremonies and forced sexual use of Devadasi girls, with or without consent, unlawful.[42] The acts also permitted Devadasis to marry and deemed their children legitimate, even though they did not carry their fathers’ surname.[43]
Despite these laws, the Devadasi tradition and the stigmatization that goes along with it continue to flourish in India. Officials rarely enforce the laws outlawing the practice and priests hold the Devadasi ceremonies in seclusion.[44] The practice is prevalent in Karnataka and surrounding states, such as Andhra Pradesh.[45] There are approximately 23,000 Devadasis in Karnataka today and approximately 17,000 in Andhra Pradesh.[46] Illustrating the magnitude of the problem, researchers estimate that the number of Devadasis in Karnataka accounts for approximately 80% of all sex workers in the area.[47] Moreover, Devadasis account for an estimated 15% of all sex workers in India.[48]