please help in translation in punjabi of Aristotle work
Time for SPN Philosophers to descend on earth for a discourse with “Super – civilization” philosopher’s :- welcome to Aristotle’s world.
It is now well accepted that Sikh religion has been born. How ever it needs Philosopher (thinkers) for its growth from the stage of society /village / town /state / to that of a civilization and then a universal being.
We may have to take a double promotion bypassing the classical concept of nation to enter the realm of a civilization. We could alternatively go thru the stage of nation in form of a Multinational race / transnational citizens of which we already are there enough evidence.
The Christian religion came into being with Lord Jesus Christ. They produced a stream of philosopher listed below to make the currant Western civilization to be called hence forth a super – civilization” (Encompassing many different Civilizations ) which spawns across this the world .
I would define boundary of this “super – civilization” as across many universe’s because your world as we know exists beyond your sensory realms and is as big as your idea or imagination.
If there is some thing beyond imagination will be certainly interesting point to discuss. (SPN sewadar opinion if such a phenomenon exists?)
They West have backed up this claim to a “super – civilization” amply with their science and technology.
It is time that we produce Sikhs philosophers have intellectual debating with the “super – civilization” philosopher so as to enrich and encourage growth of our philosophy and culture.
Firstly: - We shall try to make a Punjabi translation of his philosophy (this may require invention of new words.). One will need help of linguist from Punjabi. I have earmarked the words which will need Punjabi equivalence.
Secondly: - SPN sewadar can then debate with “super – civilization” philosopher’s philosophy and either agree or disagree to reach at a higher truth.
Thirdly: - We shall attempt to give alternative answer to there philosophy mooring.
Aristotle Photo ( not being able to copy )
Brief introduction to Aristotle.
Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. At Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. He studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. Given his intelligence he was to be the natural heir to his chair. However his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make him inherit the chair of Plato. He married twice Pythias and Herpyllis.
He subsequently went to tutor Alexander (later world conqueror Alexander the Great) whose invasion halted at the frontiers of Punjab.
How ever he returned to Athens, after death of Plato. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE. The pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.
Philosophy: - (pursuit of curiosity and wonder)
For Aristotle, philosophy arose historically after basic necessities were secured. It grew out of a feeling of curiosity and wonder, to which religious myth gave only provisional satisfaction. (SPN sewadar opinion if curiosity and wonder is a stronger force than religious myth in generating knowledge and seeking the unknown?)
The earliest speculators were philosophers of nature. The Pythagoreans succeeded these with mathematical abstractions. The level of pure thought was reached partly in the Eleatic philosophers Socrates. Socrates' contribution was the expression of general conceptions in the form of definitions, which he arrived at by induction and analogy.
Philosophically, the works of Aristotle reflect his gradual departure from the teachings of Plato and his adoption of a new approach. Unlike Plato, who delighted in abstract thought about a supra-sensible realm of forms, Aristotle was intensely concrete and practical, relying heavily upon sensory observation as a starting-point for philosophical reflection. (SPN sewadar opinion which is better abstract thought or sensory observation? Is there any perception beyond this?) .
Interested in every area of human knowledge about the world, Aristotle aimed to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology that would serve equally well as the procedure for learning about any discipline.
Logic (science of reasoning) (Punjabi word):-
PLANET -1: History:
Aristotle's logic, especially his theory of the syllogism, has had an unparalleled influence on the history of Western thought. It did not always hold this position: in the Hellenistic period, Stoic logic, and in particular the work of Chrysippus, was much more celebrated. However, in later antiquity, following the work of Aristotelian Commentators, Aristotle's logic became dominant, and Aristotelian logic was what was transmitted to the Arabic and the Latin medieval traditions, while the works of Chrysippus have not survived.
This unique historical position has not always contributed to the understanding of Aristotle's logical works. Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic, and the historian of logic Prantl drew the corollary that any logician after Aristotle who said anything new was confused, stupid, or perverse. During the rise of modern formal logic following Frege and Peirce, adherents of Traditional Logic (seen as the descendant of Aristotelian logic) and the new mathematical logic tended to see one another as rivals, with incompatible notions of logic. More recent scholarship has often applied the very techniques of mathematical logic to Aristotle's theories, revealing (in the opinion of many) a number of similarities of approach and interest between Aristotle and modern logicians.
The ancient commentators grouped together several of Aristotle's treatises under the title Organon ("Instrument") and regarded them as comprising his logical works:
PLANET -2 : Introduction
Aristotle's logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have. It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries: Kant, who was ten times more distant from Aristotle than we are from him, even held that nothing significant had been added to Aristotle's views in the intervening two millennia.
In the last century, Aristotle's reputation as a logician has undergone two remarkable reversals. The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning. At the same time, scholars trained in modern formal techniques have come to view Aristotle with new respect, not so much for the correctness of his results as for the remarkable similarity in spirit between much of his work and modern logic. As Jonathan Lear has put it, "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory": his primary goal is not to offer a practical guide to argumentation but to study the properties of inferential systems themselves.
For Aristotle logic and reasoning was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific investigation. The heart of Aristotle's logic is the syllogism, (Punjabi word) the classic example of which is as follows: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. The syllogistic form of logical argumentation dominated logic for 2,000 years.
For Aristotle, then, logic is the instrument ( Punjabi word ) (the "Organon") by means of which we come to know anything. He proposed as formal rules for correct reasoning the basic principles of the categorical logic that was universally accepted by Western philosophers until the nineteenth century. This system of thought regards assertions of the subject-predicate (Punjabi words) (subject=person or thing that is being discussed, studied or dealt with ; predicate= part of sentence containing a verb and stating some thing about subject) form as the primary expressions of truth, in which features or properties are shown to inhere ( Punjabi word ) ( exits as an essential or permanent part ) in individual substances. In every discipline of human knowledge, then, we seek to establish the things of some sort have features of a certain kind.
Aristotle further supposed that this logical scheme accurately represents the true nature of reality. Thought, language, and reality are all isomorphic (SPN sewadar ponder), so careful consideration of what we say can help us to understand the way things really are. Beginning with simple descriptions of particular things, we can eventually assemble our information (Punjabi word) in order to achieve a comprehensive (Punjabi word) view of the world.
To continue
Luv
Hps62
Time for SPN Philosophers to descend on earth for a discourse with “Super – civilization” philosopher’s :- welcome to Aristotle’s world.
It is now well accepted that Sikh religion has been born. How ever it needs Philosopher (thinkers) for its growth from the stage of society /village / town /state / to that of a civilization and then a universal being.
We may have to take a double promotion bypassing the classical concept of nation to enter the realm of a civilization. We could alternatively go thru the stage of nation in form of a Multinational race / transnational citizens of which we already are there enough evidence.
The Christian religion came into being with Lord Jesus Christ. They produced a stream of philosopher listed below to make the currant Western civilization to be called hence forth a super – civilization” (Encompassing many different Civilizations ) which spawns across this the world .
I would define boundary of this “super – civilization” as across many universe’s because your world as we know exists beyond your sensory realms and is as big as your idea or imagination.
If there is some thing beyond imagination will be certainly interesting point to discuss. (SPN sewadar opinion if such a phenomenon exists?)
They West have backed up this claim to a “super – civilization” amply with their science and technology.
It is time that we produce Sikhs philosophers have intellectual debating with the “super – civilization” philosopher so as to enrich and encourage growth of our philosophy and culture.
“Super – civilization” philosopher
- Albert Camus
- Albert Einstein
- Alexius von Meinong
- Alfred Jules Ayer
- Alfred North Whitehead
- Antisthenes
- Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
- Archimedes
- Aristotle
- Arnold Geulincx
- Arnold Toynbee
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Auguste Comte
- Ayn Rand
- Baruch Spinoza
- Benedetto Croce
- Bertrand Russell
- Blaise Pascal
- Boethius
- Carl Friedrich Gauss
- Carl Gustav Hempel
- Carl Gustav Jung
- Charles Bonnet
- Charles Darwin
- Charles Sanders Peirce
- Cicero
- Comte de Buffon
- Confucius
- Dante Alighieri
- David Hartley
- David Hume
- Democritus
- Desiderius Erasmus
- Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
- Diogenes of Sinope
- Donald Davidson
- Edmund Husserl
- Edward Sapir
- Empedocles
- Epictetus
- Epicurus of Samos
- Erich Fromm
- Ernst Mach
- Erwin Schrodinger
- Euclid
- Francis Bacon
- Francis Herbert Bradley
- Franz Brentano
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Friedrich Schleiermacher
- Gabriel Marcel
- Galileo Galilei
- George Berkeley
- George Edward Moore
- George Fox
- George Henry Lewes
- George Santayana
- Giambattista Vico
- Gilbert Ryle
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Gottlob Frege
- Gregor Johann Mendel
- Hans-Georg Gadamer
- Henri Bergson
- Henry David Thoreau
- Henry More
- Heraclitus of Ephesus
- Hilary Putnam
- Hippocrates
- Immanuel Kant
- Isaac Newton
- James Clerk Maxwell
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Jean Nicod
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Johannes Kepler
- John Calvin
- John Henry Newman
- John Langshaw Austin
- Jonathan Edwards
- Jose Ortega Y Gasset
- Jules Henri Poincare
- Karl Jaspers
- Karl Popper
- Karl Rahner
- Leucippus
- Lucretius
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Marcus Aurelius
- Marie Antoine Condorcet
- Martin Buber
- Martin Heidegger
- Martin Luther
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Max Planck
- Meister Eckhart
- Melissus of Samos
- Michael Dummett
- Michel de Montaigne
- Miguel de Unamuno Y Jugo
- Moritz Schlick
- Moses Maimonides
- Nelson Goodman
- Nicholas Copernicus
- Nicolas Malebranche
- Niels Bohr
- Origen
- Parmenides of Elea
- Paul Tillich
- Peter Abelard
- Peter Frederick Strawson
- Pierre Bayle
- Pierre Gassendi
- Pierre-Maurice Duhem
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
- Plato
- Plotinus
- Protagoras
- Ptolemy
- Pythagoras of Samos
- Ralph Barton Perry
- Ralph Cudworth
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Reinhold Niebuhr
- Rene Descartes
- Richard Avenarius
- Richard von Mises
- Robin George Collingwood
- Roy Wood Sellars
- Rudolf Carnap
- Rudolf Steiner
- Rudolph Hermann Lotze
- Saint Anselm of Canterbury
- Saint Augustine
- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
- Saint Bonaventure
- Saint John of the Cross
- Saint Teresa of Avila
- Saul Kripke
- Sextus Empiricus
- Sigmund Freud
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Simone Weil
- Socrates
- Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
- Thomas Aquinas
- Thomas Henry Huxley
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas More
- Thomas Paine
- Thomas Reid
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn
- Voltaire
- Werner Heisenberg
- Wilhelm Dilthey
- Willard Van Orman Quine
- William Blake
- William Godwin
- William James
- William of Ockham
- Zeno of Citium
- Zeno of Elea .
Firstly: - We shall try to make a Punjabi translation of his philosophy (this may require invention of new words.). One will need help of linguist from Punjabi. I have earmarked the words which will need Punjabi equivalence.
Secondly: - SPN sewadar can then debate with “super – civilization” philosopher’s philosophy and either agree or disagree to reach at a higher truth.
Thirdly: - We shall attempt to give alternative answer to there philosophy mooring.
SPN sewadar welcome to the world of Aristotle philosophy: A tour in form of interplanetary Journey.
Aristotle Photo ( not being able to copy )
Brief introduction to Aristotle.
Aristotle was born in 384 BCE. At Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father Nichomachus was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia, and from this began Aristotle's long association with the Macedonian Court, which considerably influenced his life. He studied under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of twenty years. Given his intelligence he was to be the natural heir to his chair. However his divergence from Plato's teaching was too great to make him inherit the chair of Plato. He married twice Pythias and Herpyllis.
He subsequently went to tutor Alexander (later world conqueror Alexander the Great) whose invasion halted at the frontiers of Punjab.
How ever he returned to Athens, after death of Plato. He found the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and Platonism the dominant philosophy of Athens. He is said to have given two kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an inner circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the evening for the general body of lovers of knowledge. At the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BCE. The pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A charge of impiety was trumped up against him. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) "The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the person of Socrates." In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach illness and died in 322 BCE.
The beauty of spirit of two golden words “ Curiosity and wonder ”
by “super – civilization” philosopher
by “super – civilization” philosopher
Philosophy: - (pursuit of curiosity and wonder)
For Aristotle, philosophy arose historically after basic necessities were secured. It grew out of a feeling of curiosity and wonder, to which religious myth gave only provisional satisfaction. (SPN sewadar opinion if curiosity and wonder is a stronger force than religious myth in generating knowledge and seeking the unknown?)
The earliest speculators were philosophers of nature. The Pythagoreans succeeded these with mathematical abstractions. The level of pure thought was reached partly in the Eleatic philosophers Socrates. Socrates' contribution was the expression of general conceptions in the form of definitions, which he arrived at by induction and analogy.
Philosophically, the works of Aristotle reflect his gradual departure from the teachings of Plato and his adoption of a new approach. Unlike Plato, who delighted in abstract thought about a supra-sensible realm of forms, Aristotle was intensely concrete and practical, relying heavily upon sensory observation as a starting-point for philosophical reflection. (SPN sewadar opinion which is better abstract thought or sensory observation? Is there any perception beyond this?) .
Interested in every area of human knowledge about the world, Aristotle aimed to unify all of them in a coherent system of thought by developing a common methodology that would serve equally well as the procedure for learning about any discipline.
Logic (science of reasoning) (Punjabi word):-
PLANET -1: History:
Aristotle's logic, especially his theory of the syllogism, has had an unparalleled influence on the history of Western thought. It did not always hold this position: in the Hellenistic period, Stoic logic, and in particular the work of Chrysippus, was much more celebrated. However, in later antiquity, following the work of Aristotelian Commentators, Aristotle's logic became dominant, and Aristotelian logic was what was transmitted to the Arabic and the Latin medieval traditions, while the works of Chrysippus have not survived.
This unique historical position has not always contributed to the understanding of Aristotle's logical works. Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic, and the historian of logic Prantl drew the corollary that any logician after Aristotle who said anything new was confused, stupid, or perverse. During the rise of modern formal logic following Frege and Peirce, adherents of Traditional Logic (seen as the descendant of Aristotelian logic) and the new mathematical logic tended to see one another as rivals, with incompatible notions of logic. More recent scholarship has often applied the very techniques of mathematical logic to Aristotle's theories, revealing (in the opinion of many) a number of similarities of approach and interest between Aristotle and modern logicians.
The ancient commentators grouped together several of Aristotle's treatises under the title Organon ("Instrument") and regarded them as comprising his logical works:
- Categories
- On Interpretation
- Prior Analytics
- Posterior Analytics
- Topics
- On Sophistical Refutations
PLANET -2 : Introduction
Aristotle's logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have. It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries: Kant, who was ten times more distant from Aristotle than we are from him, even held that nothing significant had been added to Aristotle's views in the intervening two millennia.
In the last century, Aristotle's reputation as a logician has undergone two remarkable reversals. The rise of modern formal logic following the work of Frege and Russell brought with it recognition of the many serious limitations of Aristotle's logic; today, very few would try to maintain that it is adequate as a basis for understanding science, mathematics, or even everyday reasoning. At the same time, scholars trained in modern formal techniques have come to view Aristotle with new respect, not so much for the correctness of his results as for the remarkable similarity in spirit between much of his work and modern logic. As Jonathan Lear has put it, "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory": his primary goal is not to offer a practical guide to argumentation but to study the properties of inferential systems themselves.
For Aristotle logic and reasoning was the chief preparatory instrument of scientific investigation. The heart of Aristotle's logic is the syllogism, (Punjabi word) the classic example of which is as follows: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. The syllogistic form of logical argumentation dominated logic for 2,000 years.
For Aristotle, then, logic is the instrument ( Punjabi word ) (the "Organon") by means of which we come to know anything. He proposed as formal rules for correct reasoning the basic principles of the categorical logic that was universally accepted by Western philosophers until the nineteenth century. This system of thought regards assertions of the subject-predicate (Punjabi words) (subject=person or thing that is being discussed, studied or dealt with ; predicate= part of sentence containing a verb and stating some thing about subject) form as the primary expressions of truth, in which features or properties are shown to inhere ( Punjabi word ) ( exits as an essential or permanent part ) in individual substances. In every discipline of human knowledge, then, we seek to establish the things of some sort have features of a certain kind.
Aristotle further supposed that this logical scheme accurately represents the true nature of reality. Thought, language, and reality are all isomorphic (SPN sewadar ponder), so careful consideration of what we say can help us to understand the way things really are. Beginning with simple descriptions of particular things, we can eventually assemble our information (Punjabi word) in order to achieve a comprehensive (Punjabi word) view of the world.
To continue
Luv
Hps62
