dalvinder45
SPNer
- Jul 22, 2023
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Banda Singh's greatness is unparalleled. The way he had planned nd conducted the elimination of Mughals from India has not been truly explored as has been done by Gaganjit Singh, a very serious, dedicated and committed researcher who worked for year visiting, video-graphing, penning down and propagating through free literature globally too is unparalleled. Some of his researches are brought for the readers of Sikhphilosophy.net. The first of the series is on Establishing Lohgarh Sikh State capital
Establishing Lohgarh Sikh State capital
Gagandeep Singh, Deputy Secretary Home, Govt. Of Haryana
gaganddpo@gmail.com. Mobile 9416004666
[1] Muhammad Qasim, ‘Ibratnama’, printed text, pp.133-146; British Library MS Add.26,245, ff.26 b-35b.
[2] The Legends of the Panjab - Volume 3 - p. 92.
[3] Research Report, prepared by Indian Trust, for Rural Heritage and Development, New Delhi (2016), p. 8.
[4] Irfan Habib ,Atlas of the Mughal Empire , Sheet 8A.
[5] William Irvin ,Later Mughals, p. 310.
[6] Gagandeep Singh, A Short History of Guru Nanak Patshah Halemi Raj (1469-1716 A.D)., Lohgarh Sikh State Capital, epilogue section p.94-101.
[7] Forts have been demolished, and the Gurdwara fort Lohgarh at Amritsar remains intact. Punjab District Gazetteers: Amritsar , p. 203.
[8] Manpreet J Singh , The Sikh Next Door: An Identity in Transition, p. 20.
[9] Peter Johal, Anandpur Chronicles - Volume 1.
[10] Ganda Singh, Hukamnama, pages 184-85. This particular bait also appears on the placard placed immediately after entering through the gate to Gurdwara Patshahi Dasvi Lohgarh sahib in Dina Kangar.
[11] Journal of Sikh Studies - Volume 33 , p. 47.
[12] Gagandeep Singh, A Short History of Guru Nanak Patshah Halemi Raj (1469-1716 A.D)., Lohgarh Sikh State Capital, epilogue section p.16. map of locations of Lohgarh forts in India sub-continent given on epilogue section, p.119-121.
[13] Asiento do Conselho da Fazenda of 23 February 1635AD, reproduced in S.J. Stephens, Portuguese in the Tamil Coast. Historical Explorations in Commerce and Culture (Pondicherry, 1998), p. 106. i/antt, Board of the Royal Treasury of the State of India, Lo. 4, "Says Manuel Moreno, resident of the city of Chaul", 1626 AD.
[14] Dhanna Singh, Gur Tirth cycle Yatra, p. 180.
[15] Dr. Balwant Singh Dhillon (in Gurumukhi)'s edited Farsi Sarot on Banda Singh Bahadar, sourced from Muhammad Saffi Wahid's Mirath-Wahdat (1738 AD), p. 210.
[16] Hari Ram Gupta, History of Sikhs Vol 1:The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 C.E., p. 178.
[17] Surjit Singh Gandhi, History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E , p. 591.
[18] Guru Nanak Sahib established the town of Paonta and also established Gangu Shahi Manji over here. Bhagat Sain also played a significant role in preaching Sikhism in Nahan and Paonta. Forts named Akalgarh, Dharmkot, Amargarh, Amarkot, Gulabgarh, Naraingarh, Nihalgarh, Tirgarhi, Kolar, Suratgarh, Bhatgarh, Kila Kilanch, Rampur Banjara, Sainwala Mubarkpur and Santokgarh were established by Sikhs around Paonta.
[19] Research Report, prepared by Indian Trust, for Rural Heritage and Development, New Delhi (2016), page 8.
[20] Khafi Khan, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab., p. 653; Irvine, Later Mughals, vol. 1, p.96; Elliot and Dowson, History of India As Told By Its Historians, vol.7,p.414).
[21] Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 51.
[22] Ganda Singh, Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records , p. 82-83.
[23] J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, p. 82.
[24] From Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan, Tazkiratu’s Salatin Chaghata,’ Translated by S. Ali Nadeem Rezavi. Sikh History from Persian Sources, Translations of Major Texts, Edited by J.S. Grewal and Irfan Habib p. 144. Kirpal Singh, Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom, Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2005, 2nd edn., pp. 1-11. Abstracts of Sikh Studies - Volume 7 – p. 47 .
[25] Ibid., p. 104-105, also, see, Ganda Singh, Banda Bahadur (Pbi).
[26] J. Malcolm, "Sketch of the Sikhs," p.99
[27] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 18.11.1710. Amarjit Singh (editor), Revisiting Banda Singh Bahadar and his times, Key Note by J.S. Grewal, p. XXXVI.( Kurukshetra university).
[28] Kirpal Singh, Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom, Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2005, 2nd edn., pp. 1-11.
[29] Letter written by Pancholi Jagjiwan Das to the ruler of Jaipur, dated 26 December 1711, Serial No 1, Arzdaasht No 195. (Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadar, edited by Dr Balwant Singh Dhillon).
[30] The Sikh Review - Volume 58, Issues 673-678 - p. 36.
[31] Vakil Rep. No. 27; Feb.4 , 1711 Diwan Bhikhari Das to Maharaja Jai Singh.
[32] Munim Khan’s death details are also recorded in the Dastur-ul-aml, British Museum, Oriental MSS, No. 1690.
[33] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, 28 August 1711 Saturday, Mughal Court News-letters relating to the Punjab, A.D. 1710-1718, Eng. Translated by Bhagat Singh, The Panjab Past and Present, Patiala, October 1984, p.63
[34] Mirza Muhammad, Ibratnama ,Translated by Iqbal Husain.
[35] Vakil Rep. No. 351; Chait Vadi 13, 1767 /March 6, 1711 A.D. Pancholi Jagjiwan Das to Maharaja Jai Singh.
[36] Akhbarat , BS, 4th R. Y., pp. 241 and 246.
[37] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, pp. 55-56.
[38] Khush-hal, p. 298.
[39] Balwant Singh Dhillon, Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadar, Vakil Rep No. 2, dated Jan. 19, 1711.
[40] Khafi-Khan, quoted by Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. VII. p.454.
[41] According to Siyar-ul-Matakherin-(Raymond, i. 21-22; Briggs, 19-20.).
[42] Harisi, Ibratnamah, 44a, Kamwar Tazkirah .
[43] Sr. No. 61 Vakil Report No. 286 , 24 May, 1712 A.D..
[44] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 8.9.1712 A.D..
[45] f.Warid, p.315.
[46] Muhammad Qasim "Ibrat", Ibratnama (tr. Irfan Habib), Sikh History from Persian Sources, pp. 123.
[47] Ibratnama, Kamraj bhin Nain singh.
[48] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entries of 27 and 28.6.1713 A.D..
[49] Muhmmed Qasim Aurangabadi, Ahwaal-ul-Khawakeen, pp. 68-69 edited by Balwant Singh Dhillon.
[50] Muzaffar Alam, Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India, p. 38.
[51] Irfan Habib, Indian Economy Under Early British Rule, p. 1.
Banda Singh Bahadur’s Great Feats-1
Establishing Lohgarh Sikh State capital
Gagandeep Singh, Deputy Secretary Home, Govt. Of Haryana
gaganddpo@gmail.com. Mobile 9416004666
Lohgarh, declared the Sikh State Capital by General Banda Singh Bahadar in January 1710 A.D. after capturing Sadhaura, became a symbol of Sikh sovereignty and resistance against the Mughals[1]. It is located on Darbar Hill, extending 40 kilometres in length and surrounded by the Yamuna, Markanda, and Bata rivers, providing natural defence. Its strategic position is 20 kilometres northwest of Nahan, 20 kilometres east of Paonta Sahib, and 20 kilometres south of Sadhaura. Nahan, historically significant, was owned by Bhai Mani Singh’s ancestors since the 12th century. Paonta Sahib, where Guru Gobind Singh resided from 1685 to 1688 A.D., is revered. Sadhaura, home to Sufi Pirs, was a centre for migrants from Egypt, Medina, and Baghdad after Guru Nanak [2]. A 2017 survey confirmed Lohgarh's strategic importance[3].
A common misconception suggests Lohgarh was once the Mughal Rang Mahal, renamed by Banda Singh Bahadar. However, historical records and survey reports clarify that Lohgarh and Mukhlisgarh, the Mughal Rang Mahal, are distinct locations, 40 kilometres apart[4]. Lohgarh was specifically developed by the Khalsa army, marking its significance in Sikh history.
Records show Lohgarh, the Sikh state capital, was supported by 52 forts[5] across present-day Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, including Karnal, Yamunanagar, Kaithal, Ambala, and Sirmour, forming the Lohgarh Zone. These forts ensured strategic defence and coordination for the Sikh resistance. A recent survey found 24 intact forts from the Lohgarh network, with archaeological evidence highlighting their strategic placement and interconnected defensive design. The Architecture design of these forts showcase the advanced engineering techniques employed by the Sikhs, including moats and bastions to withstand cannon fire and hidden underground passages for secure communication and troop movement. Designed for gunpowder use, the forts featured a unique three-tiered parapet system that allowed Sikh soldiers to fire three muskets simultaneously. Each bastion had parapets 6 to 8 inches thick and 6 feet deep, offering ample space for positioning gun barrels. The parapets, measuring 1 meter by 1 meter, enabled the effective use of multiple muskets at once. Externally, the parapets converged into a continuous line, 1.5 meters long and 4 inches wide, with three evenly spaced openings, each 4 inches by 4 inches. Sikh forts featured strategic designs with clear sightlines for targeting Mughals and protection from gunfire. Dominated by rectilinear and hexagonal shapes, these vast structures, covering two or more acres, showcased strength and strategy[6].
The traditions of Lohgarh forts date back to the era of Guru Nanak Patshah, who gave the name "Lohgarh," meaning "Iron Fort," symbolizing its strength and impregnability. In 1621 A.D., Guru Har Gobind constructed a Lohgarh Fort in Amritsar to protect the sacred site[7]. By 1624 A.D., he relocated his headquarters from Amritsar to Kiratpur[8]. In 1695 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh established a Lohgarh fort in Kiratpur, a factory for making weapons was established, and Sikligars and Banjara Sikhs made weapons there [9]. Following his departure from Anandpur in 1705 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh stayed in the Malwa region and wrote a historic letter to emperor Aurangzeb from the Lohgarh Fort at Dina Kangar[10]. Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh were tasked with delivering this letter to Aurangzeb, who was stationed in Aurangabad ( Maharashtra)[11] . Their journey took 11 months, during which they stayed at Lohgarh Nadra, a fort located 20 km from Aurangabad. The studies reveal the presence of Lohgarh Forts in Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and Pakistan[12]. These forts are strategically located along prominent trade routes. An analysis of cartography, combined with the superimposition of Guru Nanak's travels, suggests their construction aligns with his mission. The architectural design, as well as the size and type of bricks used in these forts, is remarkably consistent across regions. A large Sikh settlement was established in this region, which was surrounded by dense forests and inhabited by tigers, making it virtually inaccessible. This rugged terrain became not only a stronghold but also the exclusive home of the Sikhs, further reinforcing their control over the area.Historical records indicate that these forts were constructed by Banjara Sikhs during the 16th and 17th centuries as part of the Halemi Raj mission. Renowned as gunpowder traders, the Banjara Sikhs[13] were authorized by the Mughals and other monarchs to build forts to store and safeguard goods. This strategic initiative led to the creation of a network of forts, vital for protecting their trade and supporting the broader vision of Halemi Raj.
The development of the Lohgarh zone began during the time of Guru Nanak Patshah, laying the foundation for its historical and spiritual significance. The town of Thanesar, located within the Lohgarh region, holds the unique distinction of being the only place in the world visited by all ten Nanaks[14] . Furthermore, the region attracted Sufi saints from Medina, Egypt, Baghdad, and Afghanistan, who were inspired by Guru Nanak's universal mission. Sadhaura, in particular, emerged as a pivotal centre of Sufi activity. According to Mir'at-i Waridat (1738 A.D.) by Muhammad Shafi‘ Warid, the tomb of Shah Qumais in Sadhaura was regarded as the "Second Kabha," highlighting its importance in the spiritual landscape of the time[15]. This confluence of Sikh and Sufi traditions underscores Lohgarh's unique role as a hub of faith, unity, and resistance. At this time, Guru Har Rai Sahib had gone from Kiratpur to village Thapalpur in Lohgarh zone, the state of Sirmaur (Nahan), along with 2,200 cavalry[16]. According to Zulfiqar Ardastani , the author of Dabistan-i-Mazahib, Guru Sahib stayed in this area for 13 years, from 1645 to 1658 A.D.[17]. Historical documents confirm that during this period, maximum construction of the Lohgarh fort was undertaken. Guru Tegh Bahadar made multiple visits to the Lohgarh zone, further cementing its significance in Sikh history. He relocated his in-laws’ residence from Kartarpur to Lakhnaur Sahib, a village within the Lohgarh region. Additionally, Guru Tegh Bahadar shifted the headquarters of Sikhism from Kiratpur Sahib to Dhamtan Sahib, a location strategically adjoining the Lohgarh zone. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib stayed in the princely state of Nahan just to supervise the fortifications works of Lohgarh (1685-1688 A.D.) and established forts at Paonta [18]. During this period, Guru Gobind Singh finalized the Lohgarh fort. Fortification in the Lohgarh region began in the early 16th century during the era Guru Nanak and was completed by the early 18th century during the era of Guru Gobind Singh , taking nearly two centuries to finish[19]. The fortifications in the Lohgarh region were constructed in such a way that the Mughal intelligence agencies failed to recognize them as a significant threat. Small forts were built in large numbers by the Banjara Sikhs, strategically designed to avoid detection. This method of fortification ensured that the Mughal forces underestimated the region's potential, despite the extensive network of defences in place. Moreover, Sufi pirs, who held influence in the Mughal court, also assisted in this mission, further strengthening the strategic position of the region.
In October 1709 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadur arrived in Northern India, launching a campaign against the Mughals. Within nine months, he captured key territories like Samana, Sadhaura, Sirhind, Panipat, most of sarkar Hisar, Sirhind, Saharanpur, Jalandhar Doab of suba Delhi and suba Lahore etc.[20] fulfilling Guru Nanak's vision of Halemi Raj. On May 27, 1710, Banda Singh Bahadur abolished the feudal system at Lohgarh[21]; this was done for the first time in the history of Mankind, much earlier than the French Revolution and introduced the Nanak Shahi coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh[22]. His swift victories forced emperor Bahadur Shah to abandon Deccan campaigns and rush to Punjab, as no Mughal mansabdars dared oppose him[23].
In November 1710 A.D. emperor Bahadur Shah arrived at Lohgarh with an army comprising nearly 200,000 imperial forces alongside all his princes and more 200 mansabdars[24]. Strong evidence suggests that emperor Bahadur Shah abandoned his mission to capture the final points in Deccan and Rajputana, even bypassing his Mughal capital, to reach Lohgarh hastily[25]. And if Bahadur Shah had not quitted the Deccan in 1710 A.D., there is every reason that the whole of Hindustan would have been subdued by these Sikhs[26] . It was a significant mission as only the Mughal emperors would lead the military when there was a threat to the Mughal empire. The Lohgarh zone, located near the barren plains of Panipat, was strikingly different in its geography. Unlike the flat, open terrain of Panipat, Lohgarh featured undulating landscapes and dense forests, providing strong natural defences. This rugged environment made conventional warfare challenging for the Mughal forces. Despite these obstacles, Emperor Bahadur Shah's forces were forced to confront the Sikhs in this strategically significant region, highlighting Lohgarh's importance in the broader context of the conflict.
First battle of Lohgarh
On November 18, 1710 A.D., Emperor Bahadur Shah, unaware of the Sikh fortifications, instructed Prince Jahandar Shah to create a detailed map to assist in planning strategies against the Sikh forces[27]. On December 10, 1710 A.D., the emperor ordered Mahabat Khan to direct General Shahjahanbad to engage Sikhs immediately, resulting in a siege of Lohgarh by 60,000 Mughal soldiers [28]. Moving forward to December 26, 1710 A.D., the Mughals captured and detained the Hill Chief of Nahan, a 14-year-old named Bhup Prakash[29]. On January 4, 1711 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar married Princess Susheel Kaur, the daughter of the King of Chamba[30]. On February 4, 1711 A.D., Munim Khan led a contingent of 8000 cavalry on a mountain campaign to locate Banda Singh Bahadar. However, their expedition did not achieve success[31]. On February 15, 1711 A.D., due to the unsuccessful campaigns against the Sikhs and the emperor's dissatisfaction, Khan-i-Khann (Prime Minister) Munim Khan passed away after experiencing mental distress near Sadhaura[32]. This incident reveals that Sufi Saints were with the Sikh army. Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla reveals that 5000 Muslims enlisted 'themselves in Banda Singh's army, and according to another report, this number went on increasing daily[33].
On March 1, 1711 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar recaptured Sarkar Saharanpur, causing Mughal officers to flee in fear towards Delhi [34]. On March 6, 1711 A.D., Rustam Dil Khan reported that the Sikhs were gathering near Lahore, while General Banda Singh Bahadar was spotted in the hills of Kullu, commanding an army of 40,000 cavalries [35]. The Sikh rebellion shook Lahore as Sikh forces covered 300 km from Saharanpur to Kullu in five days, averaging 60 km daily. Khalsa forts in Himachal, 10 km apart, ensured supplies and shelter, while secret forest routes enabled swift, covert moves.
The local hills chiefs also supported the Sikh uprisings, contributing to the strength of the Sikh forces in the region[36]. Remnants of Sikh fortifications in Himachal, Jammu, and Garhwal show a strategic network resisting Mughal force. On March 11, 1711 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadar fought the faujdars of Jalandhar and Jammu, leading to casualties. The Sikhs then captured Batala, killing all Mughal soldiers and forcing the rest to flee.[37].
On March 23, 1711 A.D., the emperor withdrew all forces from the Lohgarh zone to Lahore to counter Banda Singh Bahadar. Despite their large numbers, the Mughals struggled due to severe shortages of essential supplies, including food[38]. Diwan Bhikhari Das to Maharaja Jai Singh informs about the incessant rain, shortage of rations in the royal camp, large-scale casualties of horses and beasts of burden, and epidemic-type situations on the battlefield[39]. The loyal Banjaras ensured a steady supply of provisions to the Sikhs during the siege of Lohgarh Fort. They tied up grain in cloth, which was then lifted over the fort walls using ropes to supply the besieged forces[40].
In 1712 A.D., after fighting Sikh forces in Lahore and Multan, emperor Bahadur Shah, overwhelmed by the rising Sikh uprising, fell into depression and ordered the extermination of all dogs in the city [41]. On February 28, 1712 A.D., after Bahadur Shah's passing in Lahore, his body was transported to Delhi 67 days later and laid to rest near the magnificent Qutub Minar[42].
Second Battle of Lohgarh
In March-April 1712 A.D., Mughal princes vied for the throne and Jahandar Shah became next emperor. On April 23, 1712 A.D. Mohammad Amir Khan was sent to convince the Sikhs in Lohgarh to submit to Mughal rule [43]. By May 5, 1712 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadar had established himself in Lohgarh, while Sikhs gained control over Suba Lahore and Delhi. By May 20, Jahandar Singh retreated to Delhi as Sikh uprisings overwhelmed Mughal authority in Lahore, Delhi, and Multan. On August 12, 1712 A.D., battles broke out between Sikh and Mughal forces in Garhwal and Bareilly. In August 1712 A.D., with Banda Singh Bahadar still in Lohgarh, Mohammad Amin Khan advanced his forces towards Lohgarh/Sadhaura[44]. Battle continued for number of months. By October, 1712 A.D. Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu'alla reported Banda Singh Bahadar's army had regained control over a vast region from Attock to Bareilly.
Third attack on Lohgarh
In December 1712 A.D., Farrukhsiyar Shah orchestrated the assassination of Emperor Jahandar Shah, securing his position as the successor to the throne[45]. On February 14, 1713 A.D., Abdus Samad Khan was appointed Subedar of Lahore with orders to capture Banda Singh Bahadar [46]. Hill Chief Bhup Prakash of Nahan, freed to assist the Mughals, fled during a Sikh invasion on March 10, boosting Sikh efforts to secure the region [47]. By March 21, 1713 A.D., Abdus Samad Khan allied with Zain-ud-Din Khan for an attack on Banda Singh. In April, fierce battles erupted near Lohgarh, with 70,000 Mughal troops rallying near Sadhaura. By June 21, Abdus Samad Khan and others led a massive army into the Lohgarh zone[48]. In August 1713 A.D., Abdus-Samad Khan led over 100,000 Mughal soldiers in a three-month battle near Lohgarh but failed. The rebellion attracted international attention, disrupting global trade, particularly gunpowder exports. The Banjara Sikhs' monopoly on gunpowder harmed Mughal commerce, and European trading privileges under Jahandar Shah and Farrukhsiyar worsened the Mughal empire's situation.
By November 13, 1713 A.D., the Mughal armies commenced an intense artillery bombardment on Lohgarh Fort using guns and cannons, which persisted for four consecutive days, targeting all the hills surrounding the fortress[49]. In December 1713 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar executed a strategic move, leaving Lohgarh Fort and taking the forest route to Doab Jalandhar. The Mughals were unaware of his location. After ten months of intense fighting, the Mughal forces made little progress at Lohgarh and began retreating from the region.
Banda Singh Bahadur fought nearly 100 battles in six years against the Mughal empire capture major region of Suba Delhi, Lahore Multan, Kashmir and Awadh, triggering a financial crisis[50] that contributed to the decline of one of the world's wealthiest empires[51].
A common misconception suggests Lohgarh was once the Mughal Rang Mahal, renamed by Banda Singh Bahadar. However, historical records and survey reports clarify that Lohgarh and Mukhlisgarh, the Mughal Rang Mahal, are distinct locations, 40 kilometres apart[4]. Lohgarh was specifically developed by the Khalsa army, marking its significance in Sikh history.
Records show Lohgarh, the Sikh state capital, was supported by 52 forts[5] across present-day Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, including Karnal, Yamunanagar, Kaithal, Ambala, and Sirmour, forming the Lohgarh Zone. These forts ensured strategic defence and coordination for the Sikh resistance. A recent survey found 24 intact forts from the Lohgarh network, with archaeological evidence highlighting their strategic placement and interconnected defensive design. The Architecture design of these forts showcase the advanced engineering techniques employed by the Sikhs, including moats and bastions to withstand cannon fire and hidden underground passages for secure communication and troop movement. Designed for gunpowder use, the forts featured a unique three-tiered parapet system that allowed Sikh soldiers to fire three muskets simultaneously. Each bastion had parapets 6 to 8 inches thick and 6 feet deep, offering ample space for positioning gun barrels. The parapets, measuring 1 meter by 1 meter, enabled the effective use of multiple muskets at once. Externally, the parapets converged into a continuous line, 1.5 meters long and 4 inches wide, with three evenly spaced openings, each 4 inches by 4 inches. Sikh forts featured strategic designs with clear sightlines for targeting Mughals and protection from gunfire. Dominated by rectilinear and hexagonal shapes, these vast structures, covering two or more acres, showcased strength and strategy[6].
The traditions of Lohgarh forts date back to the era of Guru Nanak Patshah, who gave the name "Lohgarh," meaning "Iron Fort," symbolizing its strength and impregnability. In 1621 A.D., Guru Har Gobind constructed a Lohgarh Fort in Amritsar to protect the sacred site[7]. By 1624 A.D., he relocated his headquarters from Amritsar to Kiratpur[8]. In 1695 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh established a Lohgarh fort in Kiratpur, a factory for making weapons was established, and Sikligars and Banjara Sikhs made weapons there [9]. Following his departure from Anandpur in 1705 A.D., Guru Gobind Singh stayed in the Malwa region and wrote a historic letter to emperor Aurangzeb from the Lohgarh Fort at Dina Kangar[10]. Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh were tasked with delivering this letter to Aurangzeb, who was stationed in Aurangabad ( Maharashtra)[11] . Their journey took 11 months, during which they stayed at Lohgarh Nadra, a fort located 20 km from Aurangabad. The studies reveal the presence of Lohgarh Forts in Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and Pakistan[12]. These forts are strategically located along prominent trade routes. An analysis of cartography, combined with the superimposition of Guru Nanak's travels, suggests their construction aligns with his mission. The architectural design, as well as the size and type of bricks used in these forts, is remarkably consistent across regions. A large Sikh settlement was established in this region, which was surrounded by dense forests and inhabited by tigers, making it virtually inaccessible. This rugged terrain became not only a stronghold but also the exclusive home of the Sikhs, further reinforcing their control over the area.Historical records indicate that these forts were constructed by Banjara Sikhs during the 16th and 17th centuries as part of the Halemi Raj mission. Renowned as gunpowder traders, the Banjara Sikhs[13] were authorized by the Mughals and other monarchs to build forts to store and safeguard goods. This strategic initiative led to the creation of a network of forts, vital for protecting their trade and supporting the broader vision of Halemi Raj.
The development of the Lohgarh zone began during the time of Guru Nanak Patshah, laying the foundation for its historical and spiritual significance. The town of Thanesar, located within the Lohgarh region, holds the unique distinction of being the only place in the world visited by all ten Nanaks[14] . Furthermore, the region attracted Sufi saints from Medina, Egypt, Baghdad, and Afghanistan, who were inspired by Guru Nanak's universal mission. Sadhaura, in particular, emerged as a pivotal centre of Sufi activity. According to Mir'at-i Waridat (1738 A.D.) by Muhammad Shafi‘ Warid, the tomb of Shah Qumais in Sadhaura was regarded as the "Second Kabha," highlighting its importance in the spiritual landscape of the time[15]. This confluence of Sikh and Sufi traditions underscores Lohgarh's unique role as a hub of faith, unity, and resistance. At this time, Guru Har Rai Sahib had gone from Kiratpur to village Thapalpur in Lohgarh zone, the state of Sirmaur (Nahan), along with 2,200 cavalry[16]. According to Zulfiqar Ardastani , the author of Dabistan-i-Mazahib, Guru Sahib stayed in this area for 13 years, from 1645 to 1658 A.D.[17]. Historical documents confirm that during this period, maximum construction of the Lohgarh fort was undertaken. Guru Tegh Bahadar made multiple visits to the Lohgarh zone, further cementing its significance in Sikh history. He relocated his in-laws’ residence from Kartarpur to Lakhnaur Sahib, a village within the Lohgarh region. Additionally, Guru Tegh Bahadar shifted the headquarters of Sikhism from Kiratpur Sahib to Dhamtan Sahib, a location strategically adjoining the Lohgarh zone. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib stayed in the princely state of Nahan just to supervise the fortifications works of Lohgarh (1685-1688 A.D.) and established forts at Paonta [18]. During this period, Guru Gobind Singh finalized the Lohgarh fort. Fortification in the Lohgarh region began in the early 16th century during the era Guru Nanak and was completed by the early 18th century during the era of Guru Gobind Singh , taking nearly two centuries to finish[19]. The fortifications in the Lohgarh region were constructed in such a way that the Mughal intelligence agencies failed to recognize them as a significant threat. Small forts were built in large numbers by the Banjara Sikhs, strategically designed to avoid detection. This method of fortification ensured that the Mughal forces underestimated the region's potential, despite the extensive network of defences in place. Moreover, Sufi pirs, who held influence in the Mughal court, also assisted in this mission, further strengthening the strategic position of the region.
In October 1709 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadur arrived in Northern India, launching a campaign against the Mughals. Within nine months, he captured key territories like Samana, Sadhaura, Sirhind, Panipat, most of sarkar Hisar, Sirhind, Saharanpur, Jalandhar Doab of suba Delhi and suba Lahore etc.[20] fulfilling Guru Nanak's vision of Halemi Raj. On May 27, 1710, Banda Singh Bahadur abolished the feudal system at Lohgarh[21]; this was done for the first time in the history of Mankind, much earlier than the French Revolution and introduced the Nanak Shahi coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh[22]. His swift victories forced emperor Bahadur Shah to abandon Deccan campaigns and rush to Punjab, as no Mughal mansabdars dared oppose him[23].
In November 1710 A.D. emperor Bahadur Shah arrived at Lohgarh with an army comprising nearly 200,000 imperial forces alongside all his princes and more 200 mansabdars[24]. Strong evidence suggests that emperor Bahadur Shah abandoned his mission to capture the final points in Deccan and Rajputana, even bypassing his Mughal capital, to reach Lohgarh hastily[25]. And if Bahadur Shah had not quitted the Deccan in 1710 A.D., there is every reason that the whole of Hindustan would have been subdued by these Sikhs[26] . It was a significant mission as only the Mughal emperors would lead the military when there was a threat to the Mughal empire. The Lohgarh zone, located near the barren plains of Panipat, was strikingly different in its geography. Unlike the flat, open terrain of Panipat, Lohgarh featured undulating landscapes and dense forests, providing strong natural defences. This rugged environment made conventional warfare challenging for the Mughal forces. Despite these obstacles, Emperor Bahadur Shah's forces were forced to confront the Sikhs in this strategically significant region, highlighting Lohgarh's importance in the broader context of the conflict.
First battle of Lohgarh
On November 18, 1710 A.D., Emperor Bahadur Shah, unaware of the Sikh fortifications, instructed Prince Jahandar Shah to create a detailed map to assist in planning strategies against the Sikh forces[27]. On December 10, 1710 A.D., the emperor ordered Mahabat Khan to direct General Shahjahanbad to engage Sikhs immediately, resulting in a siege of Lohgarh by 60,000 Mughal soldiers [28]. Moving forward to December 26, 1710 A.D., the Mughals captured and detained the Hill Chief of Nahan, a 14-year-old named Bhup Prakash[29]. On January 4, 1711 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar married Princess Susheel Kaur, the daughter of the King of Chamba[30]. On February 4, 1711 A.D., Munim Khan led a contingent of 8000 cavalry on a mountain campaign to locate Banda Singh Bahadar. However, their expedition did not achieve success[31]. On February 15, 1711 A.D., due to the unsuccessful campaigns against the Sikhs and the emperor's dissatisfaction, Khan-i-Khann (Prime Minister) Munim Khan passed away after experiencing mental distress near Sadhaura[32]. This incident reveals that Sufi Saints were with the Sikh army. Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla reveals that 5000 Muslims enlisted 'themselves in Banda Singh's army, and according to another report, this number went on increasing daily[33].
On March 1, 1711 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar recaptured Sarkar Saharanpur, causing Mughal officers to flee in fear towards Delhi [34]. On March 6, 1711 A.D., Rustam Dil Khan reported that the Sikhs were gathering near Lahore, while General Banda Singh Bahadar was spotted in the hills of Kullu, commanding an army of 40,000 cavalries [35]. The Sikh rebellion shook Lahore as Sikh forces covered 300 km from Saharanpur to Kullu in five days, averaging 60 km daily. Khalsa forts in Himachal, 10 km apart, ensured supplies and shelter, while secret forest routes enabled swift, covert moves.
The local hills chiefs also supported the Sikh uprisings, contributing to the strength of the Sikh forces in the region[36]. Remnants of Sikh fortifications in Himachal, Jammu, and Garhwal show a strategic network resisting Mughal force. On March 11, 1711 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadar fought the faujdars of Jalandhar and Jammu, leading to casualties. The Sikhs then captured Batala, killing all Mughal soldiers and forcing the rest to flee.[37].
On March 23, 1711 A.D., the emperor withdrew all forces from the Lohgarh zone to Lahore to counter Banda Singh Bahadar. Despite their large numbers, the Mughals struggled due to severe shortages of essential supplies, including food[38]. Diwan Bhikhari Das to Maharaja Jai Singh informs about the incessant rain, shortage of rations in the royal camp, large-scale casualties of horses and beasts of burden, and epidemic-type situations on the battlefield[39]. The loyal Banjaras ensured a steady supply of provisions to the Sikhs during the siege of Lohgarh Fort. They tied up grain in cloth, which was then lifted over the fort walls using ropes to supply the besieged forces[40].
In 1712 A.D., after fighting Sikh forces in Lahore and Multan, emperor Bahadur Shah, overwhelmed by the rising Sikh uprising, fell into depression and ordered the extermination of all dogs in the city [41]. On February 28, 1712 A.D., after Bahadur Shah's passing in Lahore, his body was transported to Delhi 67 days later and laid to rest near the magnificent Qutub Minar[42].
Second Battle of Lohgarh
In March-April 1712 A.D., Mughal princes vied for the throne and Jahandar Shah became next emperor. On April 23, 1712 A.D. Mohammad Amir Khan was sent to convince the Sikhs in Lohgarh to submit to Mughal rule [43]. By May 5, 1712 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadar had established himself in Lohgarh, while Sikhs gained control over Suba Lahore and Delhi. By May 20, Jahandar Singh retreated to Delhi as Sikh uprisings overwhelmed Mughal authority in Lahore, Delhi, and Multan. On August 12, 1712 A.D., battles broke out between Sikh and Mughal forces in Garhwal and Bareilly. In August 1712 A.D., with Banda Singh Bahadar still in Lohgarh, Mohammad Amin Khan advanced his forces towards Lohgarh/Sadhaura[44]. Battle continued for number of months. By October, 1712 A.D. Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu'alla reported Banda Singh Bahadar's army had regained control over a vast region from Attock to Bareilly.
Third attack on Lohgarh
In December 1712 A.D., Farrukhsiyar Shah orchestrated the assassination of Emperor Jahandar Shah, securing his position as the successor to the throne[45]. On February 14, 1713 A.D., Abdus Samad Khan was appointed Subedar of Lahore with orders to capture Banda Singh Bahadar [46]. Hill Chief Bhup Prakash of Nahan, freed to assist the Mughals, fled during a Sikh invasion on March 10, boosting Sikh efforts to secure the region [47]. By March 21, 1713 A.D., Abdus Samad Khan allied with Zain-ud-Din Khan for an attack on Banda Singh. In April, fierce battles erupted near Lohgarh, with 70,000 Mughal troops rallying near Sadhaura. By June 21, Abdus Samad Khan and others led a massive army into the Lohgarh zone[48]. In August 1713 A.D., Abdus-Samad Khan led over 100,000 Mughal soldiers in a three-month battle near Lohgarh but failed. The rebellion attracted international attention, disrupting global trade, particularly gunpowder exports. The Banjara Sikhs' monopoly on gunpowder harmed Mughal commerce, and European trading privileges under Jahandar Shah and Farrukhsiyar worsened the Mughal empire's situation.
By November 13, 1713 A.D., the Mughal armies commenced an intense artillery bombardment on Lohgarh Fort using guns and cannons, which persisted for four consecutive days, targeting all the hills surrounding the fortress[49]. In December 1713 A.D., General Banda Singh Bahadar executed a strategic move, leaving Lohgarh Fort and taking the forest route to Doab Jalandhar. The Mughals were unaware of his location. After ten months of intense fighting, the Mughal forces made little progress at Lohgarh and began retreating from the region.
Banda Singh Bahadur fought nearly 100 battles in six years against the Mughal empire capture major region of Suba Delhi, Lahore Multan, Kashmir and Awadh, triggering a financial crisis[50] that contributed to the decline of one of the world's wealthiest empires[51].
[1] Muhammad Qasim, ‘Ibratnama’, printed text, pp.133-146; British Library MS Add.26,245, ff.26 b-35b.
[2] The Legends of the Panjab - Volume 3 - p. 92.
[3] Research Report, prepared by Indian Trust, for Rural Heritage and Development, New Delhi (2016), p. 8.
[4] Irfan Habib ,Atlas of the Mughal Empire , Sheet 8A.
[5] William Irvin ,Later Mughals, p. 310.
[6] Gagandeep Singh, A Short History of Guru Nanak Patshah Halemi Raj (1469-1716 A.D)., Lohgarh Sikh State Capital, epilogue section p.94-101.
[7] Forts have been demolished, and the Gurdwara fort Lohgarh at Amritsar remains intact. Punjab District Gazetteers: Amritsar , p. 203.
[8] Manpreet J Singh , The Sikh Next Door: An Identity in Transition, p. 20.
[9] Peter Johal, Anandpur Chronicles - Volume 1.
[10] Ganda Singh, Hukamnama, pages 184-85. This particular bait also appears on the placard placed immediately after entering through the gate to Gurdwara Patshahi Dasvi Lohgarh sahib in Dina Kangar.
[11] Journal of Sikh Studies - Volume 33 , p. 47.
[12] Gagandeep Singh, A Short History of Guru Nanak Patshah Halemi Raj (1469-1716 A.D)., Lohgarh Sikh State Capital, epilogue section p.16. map of locations of Lohgarh forts in India sub-continent given on epilogue section, p.119-121.
[13] Asiento do Conselho da Fazenda of 23 February 1635AD, reproduced in S.J. Stephens, Portuguese in the Tamil Coast. Historical Explorations in Commerce and Culture (Pondicherry, 1998), p. 106. i/antt, Board of the Royal Treasury of the State of India, Lo. 4, "Says Manuel Moreno, resident of the city of Chaul", 1626 AD.
[14] Dhanna Singh, Gur Tirth cycle Yatra, p. 180.
[15] Dr. Balwant Singh Dhillon (in Gurumukhi)'s edited Farsi Sarot on Banda Singh Bahadar, sourced from Muhammad Saffi Wahid's Mirath-Wahdat (1738 AD), p. 210.
[16] Hari Ram Gupta, History of Sikhs Vol 1:The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708 C.E., p. 178.
[17] Surjit Singh Gandhi, History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E , p. 591.
[18] Guru Nanak Sahib established the town of Paonta and also established Gangu Shahi Manji over here. Bhagat Sain also played a significant role in preaching Sikhism in Nahan and Paonta. Forts named Akalgarh, Dharmkot, Amargarh, Amarkot, Gulabgarh, Naraingarh, Nihalgarh, Tirgarhi, Kolar, Suratgarh, Bhatgarh, Kila Kilanch, Rampur Banjara, Sainwala Mubarkpur and Santokgarh were established by Sikhs around Paonta.
[19] Research Report, prepared by Indian Trust, for Rural Heritage and Development, New Delhi (2016), page 8.
[20] Khafi Khan, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab., p. 653; Irvine, Later Mughals, vol. 1, p.96; Elliot and Dowson, History of India As Told By Its Historians, vol.7,p.414).
[21] Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 51.
[22] Ganda Singh, Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records , p. 82-83.
[23] J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, p. 82.
[24] From Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan, Tazkiratu’s Salatin Chaghata,’ Translated by S. Ali Nadeem Rezavi. Sikh History from Persian Sources, Translations of Major Texts, Edited by J.S. Grewal and Irfan Habib p. 144. Kirpal Singh, Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom, Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2005, 2nd edn., pp. 1-11. Abstracts of Sikh Studies - Volume 7 – p. 47 .
[25] Ibid., p. 104-105, also, see, Ganda Singh, Banda Bahadur (Pbi).
[26] J. Malcolm, "Sketch of the Sikhs," p.99
[27] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 18.11.1710. Amarjit Singh (editor), Revisiting Banda Singh Bahadar and his times, Key Note by J.S. Grewal, p. XXXVI.( Kurukshetra university).
[28] Kirpal Singh, Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom, Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2005, 2nd edn., pp. 1-11.
[29] Letter written by Pancholi Jagjiwan Das to the ruler of Jaipur, dated 26 December 1711, Serial No 1, Arzdaasht No 195. (Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadar, edited by Dr Balwant Singh Dhillon).
[30] The Sikh Review - Volume 58, Issues 673-678 - p. 36.
[31] Vakil Rep. No. 27; Feb.4 , 1711 Diwan Bhikhari Das to Maharaja Jai Singh.
[32] Munim Khan’s death details are also recorded in the Dastur-ul-aml, British Museum, Oriental MSS, No. 1690.
[33] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, 28 August 1711 Saturday, Mughal Court News-letters relating to the Punjab, A.D. 1710-1718, Eng. Translated by Bhagat Singh, The Panjab Past and Present, Patiala, October 1984, p.63
[34] Mirza Muhammad, Ibratnama ,Translated by Iqbal Husain.
[35] Vakil Rep. No. 351; Chait Vadi 13, 1767 /March 6, 1711 A.D. Pancholi Jagjiwan Das to Maharaja Jai Singh.
[36] Akhbarat , BS, 4th R. Y., pp. 241 and 246.
[37] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, pp. 55-56.
[38] Khush-hal, p. 298.
[39] Balwant Singh Dhillon, Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadar, Vakil Rep No. 2, dated Jan. 19, 1711.
[40] Khafi-Khan, quoted by Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. VII. p.454.
[41] According to Siyar-ul-Matakherin-(Raymond, i. 21-22; Briggs, 19-20.).
[42] Harisi, Ibratnamah, 44a, Kamwar Tazkirah .
[43] Sr. No. 61 Vakil Report No. 286 , 24 May, 1712 A.D..
[44] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entry of 8.9.1712 A.D..
[45] f.Warid, p.315.
[46] Muhammad Qasim "Ibrat", Ibratnama (tr. Irfan Habib), Sikh History from Persian Sources, pp. 123.
[47] Ibratnama, Kamraj bhin Nain singh.
[48] Akhbarat-i-Darbar-i-Mu’alla, entries of 27 and 28.6.1713 A.D..
[49] Muhmmed Qasim Aurangabadi, Ahwaal-ul-Khawakeen, pp. 68-69 edited by Balwant Singh Dhillon.
[50] Muzaffar Alam, Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India, p. 38.
[51] Irfan Habib, Indian Economy Under Early British Rule, p. 1.
