SIKHISM:
A RELIGION OF NEW ERA
About five and a quarter centuries ago, Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of Sikh religion. The succeeding Gurus raised the palace of Sikhism on this foundation. The Tenth Master Guru Gobind Singh Ji accorded the completion and the finality.
Despite its young age, Sikh religion has attracted the attention of the scholars world over. So much so that it is now being counted as one amongst four or five known religions. The main cause of it acquiring such reputation is the unique ideology that our great true Gurus gave us and which is guiding the world in the form of Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Reverned Gurus preached this religion as a decent way of living life that can give multifaceted guidance in spiritual, social, economic and political fields to a man.
After comparing the ideology of Sikhism with 500 other religions of the world, Mr. H.L. Bradshaw, an American scholar of world religion opines that-
"Sikhism is a Universal World Faith with a message for all men. This is amply illustrated in the writings of the Gurus. Sikhs must cease to think of their Faith as just another good religion and must begin to think in terms of Sikhism being the religion for this new age ... The religion preached by Guru Nanak is the faith of the New Age. It completely supplants and fulfills all the former dispensations of the older religions. Books must be written proving this. The other religions contain the truth but Sikhism contains the fullness of truth .... The Sikh religion is truly the answer to the problems of a modern man."
Some of the merits of Sikhism those have attracted the attention of world's religious thinkers and scholars are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.
1. Religion-a Way of Living Life. Before the advent of Sikh religion, the concept of religion was confined to the observance/performance of various rites and rituals, doubts and superstitions, hypocricy and blind faith. Hundreds of gods-goddesses, natural forces, animals, trees or stone images were worshipped. To propitate the gods, Yag were performed where men and animals were sacrificed. Penances were performed while living in the jungles and mountain caves. People believed in evil spirits, demons and ghosts and were always fearful of their wrath. To save themselves, they would indulge in various types of worhip and charity etc. A religion had no concern with how a man must live his life, how is he supposed to resolve his difficulties and what are his duties and responsibilities towards the society.
Sikh religion took the 'Religion' out of the rut of disguises, rites, rituals and blind faiths and presented it in the shape of a way of living life. In the spiritual field, Satguru Ji laid emphasis on meditation of One Lord and condemned meaningless doubts, superstitions, hypocricies, a particular style of dressing to project oneself as holy and blind faith. They launched a campaign against the social evils such as caste based distinctions, untouchability, injustice, immoral earnings, corruption, discord amongst the people, cowardice, slavery of foreigners and pitiable condition of women. The Gurus expressed their opinions on the distribution of wealth in the economic field and spread political awareness amongst the people. They organised them to raise struggle against the political oppression. Thus Sikhism made religion capable of leading the people in multi directional aspects of their life.
2. Religious Places (Gurdawaras) : Centres of learning Life Style: The dharamshalas established by Guru Nanak were used for giving practical shape to the Sikh ideology besides worship of God (Naam Simran). People were taught the lesson of voluntary service. Views were exchanged for the raising of an ideal society to remove the caste based and rich-poor distinctions. Institution of Langar was started and common water sources in the form of reservoirs (sarovars) were dug up. People of all castes, creed, religion and· social standings ate meals prepared in a common kitchen, sitting in one line next to each other. The Sarovars provided them with water to bathe. Both institutions helped remove man made chasms in the society. If women were praised in principle, it was given a practical form in the Gurdawaras. They could participate in all activities of a Gurdawara and were at liberty to preach, discharge duties of a Granthi (Holy script reader) as well. Dispensaries, orphanages and home for the physically impaired were made in Gurdawaras. Schools were opened to impart education to the children. The sixth Guru even made them centres of political learning besides the religious teachings. Thus spiritual and temporal might was merged into one. These examples prove beyond doubt that Gurdawaras are the centres of learning Sikh way of life.
3. Faith in One Godhead and Discarding all other gods-goddesses : Sikhism vehemently opposed the incarnation theory and the worship of their idols. Guru Ji even said, "May that mouth burn which says that God takes birth."
So mUkh(u) jato jit(u) kaheh Thakur jon; (Page 1136)
Satguru ji said that people were worshipping kings of a particular time (Sri Ram Chander, Sri Krishan etc.) as incarnations but these incarnations had not been able to
find the ultimate God.
Jugah jugah ke raje ki-ey, gaveh kar(i) avtaari.
Tin bhi ant(u) na paeya ti't ka
kia kar akh(i) veechfiri. (Page 423)
Bhagat Kabir Ji says that he only needs Lord and has nothing to do with god and goddesses. Bhagat Nam Dev Ji is prepared to surrender all gods and goddesses for one Lord, the Supreme.
Jaa jacha taa keval Ram.
Aan dev sia nahi kam. (Page 1162)
Hau to ek(u) Ramaia laiha.
Aan dev badlaavan(i) daiha. (Page 811)
Satguru Ji described the form, omnipotence and all virtues of God in their bani that they advised their Sikhs to worship. In the mool mantr, (from Ek Onkar to Gur Prasad(i) )the primary traits of God have been described.
4. Leadership of Shabad Guru: Sikhism has accepted Shabad (Divine Word) as the Guru. It means knowledge of the Lord that the Gurus had realised when their mind and soul became in tune with the Lord. Their reaiisation has been recorded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Nanak had proclaimed Shabad as Guru when he said-
Shabad guru surt(i) dhun(i) chela.
(Page 943)
Shabad gur peera gehar gambhira
bin(u) shabadai jug bauraniJg. (Page 635)
The same principle has been explained by Guru Ram Das Ji in the following hymn-
Bani guru, guru hai bani, vich(i) bani. amrit(u) saarey.
Gur bani kahai sewak(u) jan manai,
parlakh(i) guru nislarey. (Page 982)
Guru Sahiban have not accepted the body as Guru. That is why Sri Guru Granth Sahib contains bani of six Gurus, fifteen Bhagats and eleven Bhatts. If the body alone was considered to be Guru, then except six Gurus, no writings of any other great and holymen would have found place in Sri Guru Granth Sahib.
5. Building of Character and National Revolution through Naam Simran: It implies singing the glory of His traits and imbibing them in one's mind by constantly remembering them. It can also be called praising the Lord and keeping his memory perpetually in one's mind. The Bhagats sing the glory of the infinite and invaluable virtues of God .and acquire resonance of mind with Him or they virtually merge in Him. Those who meditate on the virtues of Lord also become fearless, without animosity, free from the fear of death, kind, clement, contented, just, seekers of everyone's welfare, protectors of the poor, helpless and refugeless and stand to fight the tyranny and oppression. The vices of lust, anger, greed, attachment, pride and many other maladies of mind do not come anywhere near those who meditate on His name. Thus through Naam-Simran, a man becomes possessor of high character, ~uru Says-
Sachi bani soocM hoey.
gun Ie naam prapal hoey. (Page 361)
Jin her(i) japia se her(i) hoey.
her(i) milia kef kefatr. (Page 667)
Where as Gurus raised the character of a man and strengthened his soul through Naam Simran they also raised such an ideal society that was full of divine virtues; that had discarded the slavery of priestly class, bondage of the social values and tyranny and subservience of the authorities/ruling class. The miracle of Naam produced true lovers of God and social reformers from the worthless ritualists, great warriors and military leaders appeared from among the cowards and kings from those who had lived a life of subservience and slavery for centuries. This revolution came about through Naam Simran.
6. A Supreme Method of God Worship-Kirtan :
Raag (Singing) has been used as a supreme method of Lords worship. Where as singing Lords praises produces concentration of mind, the divine virtues also park themselves in the mind of a seeker. He starts getting waves of emotions and love that dye him in the hue of Lord. It was the medium of Kirtan by which Guru Nanak had turned a cheater like Sajjan into a God lover and a preacher. It had melted the solid minds of Kauda Bheel, Noar Shah the witch, Hamza Gaus and Vali Kandhari into wax like soft. Bhai Sadoo and Bhai Badoo were the bards in the court of Guru Angad Dev Ji. The Tenth Master was himself an exponent of Kirtan and was an adept player of musical instruments like Jorhi, Mirdang and Siranda. Confirming the objective and importance of Kirtan, Guru Ram Das Ji says-
Sabhna raagaan vich so bhala bhai, jit(u) vasia man aaey
Raag naad sabh such(u) hai,
keemat kahi n jaey (Page 1423)
7. Principle of Living Emancipation: Sikhism has not promised salvation after death nor has it assured any body a stay in heavens. It has taught to free oneself from the vices encountered in this life and obtain one-ness with God. Explaining this principle of Emancipation while Alive (Jeevan Mukat) are the following lines from Gurbani­
Oh dhanwant(u) kulwant(u) patiwant(u). Jiwan mukat(i) jis(u) ridai bhagwant(u).
(Page 294)
Taj(i) abhiman moh maya phun(i)
bhajan Ram chit(u) (aavao.
Nanak kahat mukat(i) panth eh(u)
gurmukh(i) hoey tum paavao. (Page 219)
Where as Sikhism has rejected the existence of heaven and hell, it has given preference and more importance to mergence with God than emancipation after death.
Kavan nark(u) kia surg(u) bichfJra, santan do-oo radey.
Hum kfJhoo ki kaan(i) n kadatey,
apney gurparsfJdey. (Page 969)
8. Disapproval of Rituals and Brahmanism : For centuries, Brahmans have enjoyed themselves as the most privileged class of society in all spheres of life. They had the sale authority of reading and teaching the sacred scriptures. They would put people into incantations of various Mantras, worship, hold yag and accept charity. Piety, defilement of body on account of birth and death, piety of the kitchen, fasting, observance of good and bad days, visiting pilgrim centres and bathing there, belieVing in hell and Ileaven, faith in ghosts and evil spirits, worship of the planets, caste based division of society, Ashram Dharm (celebacy, householder, living in jungles and ascetic life) etc are various aspects of Brahmanic ideology. They would also indulge in many sacraments, rites and rituals and accept alms.
Satguru Ji and Bhagats vehemently condemned and rejected the Brahmanic ideology and challenged the supremacy of Brahmans. Let us see what Gurbani has to say on it.
Kabir Baaman(u) guru hai jagat ka bhagtan ka gur(u) nahey.
Arjh(i) urjh(i) kai pach(i) mooa,
charauh beydauh mahey (Page 1377)
Simrit(i) sastar bahut(u) bisthara.
Maya moh(u) pasria pasara.
Murakh parheh sabad(u) n boojeh,
gurmukh(i) vir/ai jata hey (Page 1053)
9. All Sikhs are Free to Preach : In other religions priestly class iike Brahmans, Moulwis and certain parsons were authorised to preach. Over a period of time, these people became corrupt, greedy and immoral.
Guru Sahib permitted all Sikhs to perform religious rites as well as do preaching work. Those who were appointed as preachers were also to earn their livelihood themselves. Baba Budha Ji who was appointed Granthi (Script reader) at Harmandir Sahib had to work to earn his two-meals a day. Thus no particular priestly class was created in Sikhism. Even today all Sikhs-male or female are authorised to perform all reiigious rites like service as a Granthi, impart religious discourses, and even participate in administering Khande-di-Pahu/ (Baptism).
10. Religion of Householders: The so called religious people of India have always been preferring spending their lives as ascetics rather than being a householder and worldly man. Fearing the adverse effect of Maya, Jogis, Hindu Sadhoos, Bodhis and Jain hermits lived in the mountains. They would attempt to control their minds and perform penances/worship. Satguru Ji impressed upon people that there was no need to renounce the world. Instead one should discard evil thoughts, vices and ill deeds. Sikh must remain free from the grasp of maya Contd........
A RELIGION OF NEW ERA
About five and a quarter centuries ago, Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of Sikh religion. The succeeding Gurus raised the palace of Sikhism on this foundation. The Tenth Master Guru Gobind Singh Ji accorded the completion and the finality.
Despite its young age, Sikh religion has attracted the attention of the scholars world over. So much so that it is now being counted as one amongst four or five known religions. The main cause of it acquiring such reputation is the unique ideology that our great true Gurus gave us and which is guiding the world in the form of Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Reverned Gurus preached this religion as a decent way of living life that can give multifaceted guidance in spiritual, social, economic and political fields to a man.
After comparing the ideology of Sikhism with 500 other religions of the world, Mr. H.L. Bradshaw, an American scholar of world religion opines that-
"Sikhism is a Universal World Faith with a message for all men. This is amply illustrated in the writings of the Gurus. Sikhs must cease to think of their Faith as just another good religion and must begin to think in terms of Sikhism being the religion for this new age ... The religion preached by Guru Nanak is the faith of the New Age. It completely supplants and fulfills all the former dispensations of the older religions. Books must be written proving this. The other religions contain the truth but Sikhism contains the fullness of truth .... The Sikh religion is truly the answer to the problems of a modern man."
Some of the merits of Sikhism those have attracted the attention of world's religious thinkers and scholars are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.
1. Religion-a Way of Living Life. Before the advent of Sikh religion, the concept of religion was confined to the observance/performance of various rites and rituals, doubts and superstitions, hypocricy and blind faith. Hundreds of gods-goddesses, natural forces, animals, trees or stone images were worshipped. To propitate the gods, Yag were performed where men and animals were sacrificed. Penances were performed while living in the jungles and mountain caves. People believed in evil spirits, demons and ghosts and were always fearful of their wrath. To save themselves, they would indulge in various types of worhip and charity etc. A religion had no concern with how a man must live his life, how is he supposed to resolve his difficulties and what are his duties and responsibilities towards the society.
Sikh religion took the 'Religion' out of the rut of disguises, rites, rituals and blind faiths and presented it in the shape of a way of living life. In the spiritual field, Satguru Ji laid emphasis on meditation of One Lord and condemned meaningless doubts, superstitions, hypocricies, a particular style of dressing to project oneself as holy and blind faith. They launched a campaign against the social evils such as caste based distinctions, untouchability, injustice, immoral earnings, corruption, discord amongst the people, cowardice, slavery of foreigners and pitiable condition of women. The Gurus expressed their opinions on the distribution of wealth in the economic field and spread political awareness amongst the people. They organised them to raise struggle against the political oppression. Thus Sikhism made religion capable of leading the people in multi directional aspects of their life.
2. Religious Places (Gurdawaras) : Centres of learning Life Style: The dharamshalas established by Guru Nanak were used for giving practical shape to the Sikh ideology besides worship of God (Naam Simran). People were taught the lesson of voluntary service. Views were exchanged for the raising of an ideal society to remove the caste based and rich-poor distinctions. Institution of Langar was started and common water sources in the form of reservoirs (sarovars) were dug up. People of all castes, creed, religion and· social standings ate meals prepared in a common kitchen, sitting in one line next to each other. The Sarovars provided them with water to bathe. Both institutions helped remove man made chasms in the society. If women were praised in principle, it was given a practical form in the Gurdawaras. They could participate in all activities of a Gurdawara and were at liberty to preach, discharge duties of a Granthi (Holy script reader) as well. Dispensaries, orphanages and home for the physically impaired were made in Gurdawaras. Schools were opened to impart education to the children. The sixth Guru even made them centres of political learning besides the religious teachings. Thus spiritual and temporal might was merged into one. These examples prove beyond doubt that Gurdawaras are the centres of learning Sikh way of life.
3. Faith in One Godhead and Discarding all other gods-goddesses : Sikhism vehemently opposed the incarnation theory and the worship of their idols. Guru Ji even said, "May that mouth burn which says that God takes birth."
So mUkh(u) jato jit(u) kaheh Thakur jon; (Page 1136)
Satguru ji said that people were worshipping kings of a particular time (Sri Ram Chander, Sri Krishan etc.) as incarnations but these incarnations had not been able to
find the ultimate God.
Jugah jugah ke raje ki-ey, gaveh kar(i) avtaari.
Tin bhi ant(u) na paeya ti't ka
kia kar akh(i) veechfiri. (Page 423)
Bhagat Kabir Ji says that he only needs Lord and has nothing to do with god and goddesses. Bhagat Nam Dev Ji is prepared to surrender all gods and goddesses for one Lord, the Supreme.
Jaa jacha taa keval Ram.
Aan dev sia nahi kam. (Page 1162)
Hau to ek(u) Ramaia laiha.
Aan dev badlaavan(i) daiha. (Page 811)
Satguru Ji described the form, omnipotence and all virtues of God in their bani that they advised their Sikhs to worship. In the mool mantr, (from Ek Onkar to Gur Prasad(i) )the primary traits of God have been described.
4. Leadership of Shabad Guru: Sikhism has accepted Shabad (Divine Word) as the Guru. It means knowledge of the Lord that the Gurus had realised when their mind and soul became in tune with the Lord. Their reaiisation has been recorded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Nanak had proclaimed Shabad as Guru when he said-
Shabad guru surt(i) dhun(i) chela.
(Page 943)
Shabad gur peera gehar gambhira
bin(u) shabadai jug bauraniJg. (Page 635)
The same principle has been explained by Guru Ram Das Ji in the following hymn-
Bani guru, guru hai bani, vich(i) bani. amrit(u) saarey.
Gur bani kahai sewak(u) jan manai,
parlakh(i) guru nislarey. (Page 982)
Guru Sahiban have not accepted the body as Guru. That is why Sri Guru Granth Sahib contains bani of six Gurus, fifteen Bhagats and eleven Bhatts. If the body alone was considered to be Guru, then except six Gurus, no writings of any other great and holymen would have found place in Sri Guru Granth Sahib.
5. Building of Character and National Revolution through Naam Simran: It implies singing the glory of His traits and imbibing them in one's mind by constantly remembering them. It can also be called praising the Lord and keeping his memory perpetually in one's mind. The Bhagats sing the glory of the infinite and invaluable virtues of God .and acquire resonance of mind with Him or they virtually merge in Him. Those who meditate on the virtues of Lord also become fearless, without animosity, free from the fear of death, kind, clement, contented, just, seekers of everyone's welfare, protectors of the poor, helpless and refugeless and stand to fight the tyranny and oppression. The vices of lust, anger, greed, attachment, pride and many other maladies of mind do not come anywhere near those who meditate on His name. Thus through Naam-Simran, a man becomes possessor of high character, ~uru Says-
Sachi bani soocM hoey.
gun Ie naam prapal hoey. (Page 361)
Jin her(i) japia se her(i) hoey.
her(i) milia kef kefatr. (Page 667)
Where as Gurus raised the character of a man and strengthened his soul through Naam Simran they also raised such an ideal society that was full of divine virtues; that had discarded the slavery of priestly class, bondage of the social values and tyranny and subservience of the authorities/ruling class. The miracle of Naam produced true lovers of God and social reformers from the worthless ritualists, great warriors and military leaders appeared from among the cowards and kings from those who had lived a life of subservience and slavery for centuries. This revolution came about through Naam Simran.
6. A Supreme Method of God Worship-Kirtan :
Raag (Singing) has been used as a supreme method of Lords worship. Where as singing Lords praises produces concentration of mind, the divine virtues also park themselves in the mind of a seeker. He starts getting waves of emotions and love that dye him in the hue of Lord. It was the medium of Kirtan by which Guru Nanak had turned a cheater like Sajjan into a God lover and a preacher. It had melted the solid minds of Kauda Bheel, Noar Shah the witch, Hamza Gaus and Vali Kandhari into wax like soft. Bhai Sadoo and Bhai Badoo were the bards in the court of Guru Angad Dev Ji. The Tenth Master was himself an exponent of Kirtan and was an adept player of musical instruments like Jorhi, Mirdang and Siranda. Confirming the objective and importance of Kirtan, Guru Ram Das Ji says-
Sabhna raagaan vich so bhala bhai, jit(u) vasia man aaey
Raag naad sabh such(u) hai,
keemat kahi n jaey (Page 1423)
7. Principle of Living Emancipation: Sikhism has not promised salvation after death nor has it assured any body a stay in heavens. It has taught to free oneself from the vices encountered in this life and obtain one-ness with God. Explaining this principle of Emancipation while Alive (Jeevan Mukat) are the following lines from Gurbani­
Oh dhanwant(u) kulwant(u) patiwant(u). Jiwan mukat(i) jis(u) ridai bhagwant(u).
(Page 294)
Taj(i) abhiman moh maya phun(i)
bhajan Ram chit(u) (aavao.
Nanak kahat mukat(i) panth eh(u)
gurmukh(i) hoey tum paavao. (Page 219)
Where as Sikhism has rejected the existence of heaven and hell, it has given preference and more importance to mergence with God than emancipation after death.
Kavan nark(u) kia surg(u) bichfJra, santan do-oo radey.
Hum kfJhoo ki kaan(i) n kadatey,
apney gurparsfJdey. (Page 969)
8. Disapproval of Rituals and Brahmanism : For centuries, Brahmans have enjoyed themselves as the most privileged class of society in all spheres of life. They had the sale authority of reading and teaching the sacred scriptures. They would put people into incantations of various Mantras, worship, hold yag and accept charity. Piety, defilement of body on account of birth and death, piety of the kitchen, fasting, observance of good and bad days, visiting pilgrim centres and bathing there, belieVing in hell and Ileaven, faith in ghosts and evil spirits, worship of the planets, caste based division of society, Ashram Dharm (celebacy, householder, living in jungles and ascetic life) etc are various aspects of Brahmanic ideology. They would also indulge in many sacraments, rites and rituals and accept alms.
Satguru Ji and Bhagats vehemently condemned and rejected the Brahmanic ideology and challenged the supremacy of Brahmans. Let us see what Gurbani has to say on it.
Kabir Baaman(u) guru hai jagat ka bhagtan ka gur(u) nahey.
Arjh(i) urjh(i) kai pach(i) mooa,
charauh beydauh mahey (Page 1377)
Simrit(i) sastar bahut(u) bisthara.
Maya moh(u) pasria pasara.
Murakh parheh sabad(u) n boojeh,
gurmukh(i) vir/ai jata hey (Page 1053)
9. All Sikhs are Free to Preach : In other religions priestly class iike Brahmans, Moulwis and certain parsons were authorised to preach. Over a period of time, these people became corrupt, greedy and immoral.
Guru Sahib permitted all Sikhs to perform religious rites as well as do preaching work. Those who were appointed as preachers were also to earn their livelihood themselves. Baba Budha Ji who was appointed Granthi (Script reader) at Harmandir Sahib had to work to earn his two-meals a day. Thus no particular priestly class was created in Sikhism. Even today all Sikhs-male or female are authorised to perform all reiigious rites like service as a Granthi, impart religious discourses, and even participate in administering Khande-di-Pahu/ (Baptism).
10. Religion of Householders: The so called religious people of India have always been preferring spending their lives as ascetics rather than being a householder and worldly man. Fearing the adverse effect of Maya, Jogis, Hindu Sadhoos, Bodhis and Jain hermits lived in the mountains. They would attempt to control their minds and perform penances/worship. Satguru Ji impressed upon people that there was no need to renounce the world. Instead one should discard evil thoughts, vices and ill deeds. Sikh must remain free from the grasp of maya Contd........